An example of terracotta sculpture from Caere.
The Sarcophagus of the Spouses was found in 1845 by the
Marquis Campana in the Banditaccia necropolis in Caere (modern Cerveteri).
Purchased in 1861 by Napoleon III, this monument has often been regarded as a
sarcophagus because of its exceptional dimensions. However, its function remains
uncertain because burial and cremation were both practiced by the Etruscans. It
may actually have been a large urn designed to contain the ashes of the
deceased. Only one example similar to this work is known (Museo Nazionale
Etrusco di Villa Giulia, Rome), which also demonstrates the high level of skill
attained by the sculptors of Caere in clay sculpture during the late 6th
century BC.
During the Archaic period, terracotta was one of the preferred materials in the
workshops of Caere for funeral monuments and architectural decoration. The
ductility of clay offered artisans numerous possibilities, compensating for the
lack of stone suitable for sculpture in southern Etruria.
Funerary banquet and ritual.
This urn takes the form of a bed, upon which the deceased
are resting in the position of banqueters. This theme was not an Etruscan
invention, but originated in Asia Minor: the Etruscans, like the Greeks before
them, had adopted the eastern custom of feasting in a reclining position, and
the conventional method of representing it. Unlike in the Greek world, where
banquets were reserved for men, the Etruscan woman, who held an important place
in society, is represented by her husband's side, in the same proportions and
in a similar pose. The couple are reclining on cushions in the form of
wineskins, a reference to the sharing of wine, a ceremony that was part of
funerary ritual. Tenderly clasped by her husband, the deceased woman is pouring
a few drops of perfume into his hand, probably from an alabastron, as can be
seen on a small urn displayed nearby (cinerary urn with the spouses on the lid,
Louvre, CP 5193); in so doing, she is making the gesture of offering perfume,
another essential component of funerary ritual. In her left hand she is holding
a small, round object, possibly a pomegranate, a symbol of immortality.
The influence of eastern Greece
The style of this monument shows the influence exerted by
artists from eastern Greece on Etruscan art-particularly the Ionians, who
emigrated in large numbers during the late 6th century BC. The casket and the
lid are decorated with bright paintwork, now partially disappeared, which adds
to the elegance of the woman's finery, and to the details of the fabrics and
the hair. The smiling faces and full forms of the bodies are also inspired by
Ionian sculpture. However, some of the features are typical of Etruscan art,
such as a certain lack of formal coherence, the way the legs in particular have
received less plastic volume, and the emphasis on the gestures of the deceased.
